May 5
Compiled and Written by Irene Stuber
who is solely responsible for its content.
05-05 TABLE of CONTENTS: Menopause Can Be Wonderful - and Afterward IS Wonderful
Women Have It So Good It Will Take ANOTHER 1,000 Years for Equality
Maric and Emma Scorned, Ignored by Historians
Farrenc Only Woman to Hold Permanent Position at the Paris Conservatoire - and She Got Equal Pay
Egeria was Roman Water Sprite Spirit
Fatimah the daughter of the prophet Mohammed
DATES, ANNIVERSARIES, and EVENTS
QUOTES by Yolanda Whitaker, Marie de Ventador, Madeleine Albright, Jane Austen, and Margaret Chase Smith.
Menopause Can Be Wonderful - and Afterward IS Wonderful
In Nancy Pickard's novel Twilight, her Jenny Crain character has a conversation with a friend who says, "Jenny, I want you to know something about menopause before you get there... I want you to know that hot flashes can be wonderful."
"What?" (Jenny gasps.)
"Really. This is the only time in my life I've ever been warm. I get up to go to the bathroom in the middle of the night, and my feet aren't freezing. Sometimes I lie in bed and I think, oh, this is so nice."Perhaps Jenny's thinking about menopause changed when she got to it; that of the author of WOAH surely did.
I think we members of the older generation have an obligation to offset the unscrupulous doctors and pill makers who would make a fortune by convincing women that menopause isn't the next natural stage.
Ladies, in spite of all the propaganda, most women experience very few discomforts. "It ain't so bad - and OH the freedom afterwards!"
Because of concerted attempts to convince women that menopause is something other than a natural (and welcome) physical occurrence, we older women can tell younger women, "It's not that bad, in fact, for most women it consists of fewer than a dozen hot flashes. For many, even fewer than that. For most women, estrogen and other drugs are not necessary. Hey, wrinkles show experience on a woman's face, just like on a man's."
Even the AMA, when pressed, admitted that only 5% of women suffer any major menopausal problems - but because of increasing advertising and paid-for-by-drug-companies medical studies, many women are being brainwashed into believing temporary discomforts are serious.
And its all exacerbated by the question so many men use to belittle women's anger: "What time of the month is it for you?" or "Are you going through the change?" as if everything a woman does that disagrees with their view is caused by a woman's reproductive plumbing (which is similar to the trauma suffered by men when they start losing their hair).
Getting older is part of living.
Enjoy.
The other side of menopause is truly the promised land.| PRIOR DATE | | HOME | | WOA INDEX | | NEXT DATE |
Women Have It So Good It Will Take ANOTHER 1,000 Years for Equality
Although there are strong "post-feminist" voices being trumpeted by the reactionary forces who claim things can't get better for women (because we got it all), the truth is that things for women aren't all they're being touted to be, not even in the United States.
In fact, it will take nearly 1000 years for women to gain the same economic and political clout as men if current trends continue, according to a recent UN report.Women are badly needed in top positions if the world aspires to make advancements in social equality, said the report by the International Labor Organization.
"Women tend to speak with a different voice, which as a rule lays stress on the social ethos of development, that is to say education, health, children, environment, dialogue and peace," the report said.
Men concentrate on economic challenges such as production, trade profitability, finance, technology, war, and national defense, it said.
But "if we really aspire to any development of the human lot involving both economic growth and social equity, the best way to achieve this will be by having men and women sharing in decision-taking."
At the time of the report only 6 of 179 members of the United Nations had a woman as heads of state.. Women occupy only 3.5% of cabinet posts worldwide.The number of women in managerial posts, however, are generally improving, but slowly.
Of the 41 countries surveyed, only two witnessed declines in the proportion of female managers.
Based on these trends, the numbers and rates, the report forecast it would only take FIVE CENTURIES for women to gain the same access as men to management positions, and a further 475 years to get equal representation in the "higher echelons of political and economic power."
Women held more than 40% of middle and lower management jobs in Australia, the US and Canada.
In Japan, women held only 8.3% of the lower managerial jobs, while South Korean women held only 4% of bottom management posts. Bangladesh ranked last, with 1.4%, the report said.
But few women make it to the very top, it pointed out.
Although 40% of American manager are women, only 11% are "high-level" managers or directors and 3% are at the "top-level" of companies in the private sector.
The scarcity of top-level women managers backs the "glass ceiling" theory that asserts many women are stuck in middle-level management by (male dominated) companies which do not allow them to advance further.
The report said women are well represented in the lower administrative and management jobs in Latin American and Caribbean, but badly in Africa.
It said the end of Communism in eastern Europe led to a decline in the number of women in parliament, trade unions and employers' organizations in the region.********************** In the early 19th century, An English physician suggests that the word obstetrician, from the Latin "to stand before," be used to denote a specialist in childbirth in place of such terms as male midwife, man midwife, midman, accoucheur, and even androboethogynist. ******************* .
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Maric and Emma Scorned, Ignored by Historian
There have been a lot of poo-hoos condemning the claim that Mileva Maric Einstein, Albert's wife, has *anything* to do with the famed theory of relativity.
Just to set the record straight, the initial paper on the Theory of Relativity had BOTH Albert Einstein and Malic's name on it. They separated (he left her with their two sons, one disabled) and by 1905 when the theory was officially published and her name did NOT appear on it.
Einstein was a notorious "womanizer" and the divorce was not nice. Many of advocates of Einstein's whose egos depended on Einstein say have a lot of bad things to say about her. They do admit, however, that she did the math - helped out, of course, like a good hausfrau and that doesn't count.
She was a college student, intelligent enough to be in college in days when women were generally not allowed.
Einstein did give her the Nobel prize money...Conveniently NO ORIGINAL notes or records exist from Einstein's work on the theory.
All his notes were reconstructed by one of his mistresses while he was at Princeton University. All the original notes were "lost."
The conventional wisdom is that if there is no proof that Maric helped in anyway, she didn'tEmma Farnsworth, a trained scientist, worked alongside her husband Philo to develop early TV. Needless to say, there is only room for one of the engineers to be mentioned in all the textbooks as the developer of TV... and it ain't Emma.
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Farrenc Only Woman to Hold Permanent Position at the Paris Conservatoire - and She Got Equal Pay
"Jeanne-Louise Dumont Farrenc (1804-1875), French pianist and composer, studied composition with Moscheles and Hummel, and with Reicha at the Paris Conservatoire.
"After marrying the famous flutist Aristide Farrenc, she taught at the Conservatoire for thirty years, the only woman to hold a permanent position there as an instrumentalist in the 19th century. One of the first women composers to gain wide regard throughout Europe, her symphonies were performed in Brussels, Paris, Copenhagen and Geneva, and she received critical acclaim from Robert Schumann and Hector Berlioz.
"The premier of the Nonetto in November, 1850, featured 19-year-old legendary violinist Josef Joachim, and catapulted Farrenc to near-celebrity status as a composer - so much so that she subsequently requested that the Paris Conservatoire put her salary in line with male professors, a request which was immediately granted."
-- [The previous was printed with her newly published Nonetto, Opus 38, 1849 (International Opus, Ed. by William Scribner).].| PRIOR DATE | | HOME | | WOA INDEX | | NEXT DATE |
Egeria was Roman Water Sprite Spirit
Egeria, for some in the Roman religion, was a water spirit worshiped as part of the Diana legends.
She was the protector of pregnant women and a prophet. She was worshiped in grove settings.| PRIOR DATE | | HOME | | WOA INDEX | | NEXT DATE |
Fatimah the daughter of the prophet Mohammed
Fatimah tAl-Zahr'I (c606-632) was the daughter of the prophet Mohammed and all claims of blood relation to the prophet come through her line.
She traveled with Mohammed when he was persecuted and had to flee to Medina. She also nursed him in his final illness.
Fatimah is pictured as the perfect housewife with blistered hands from grinding corn to doing everything for her husband and children without concern for herself - although she did complain of her husband's infidelities and his beatings.
She is particularly revered by the Shiites who have many legends about her life and accomplishments.| PRIOR DATE | | HOME | | WOA INDEX | | NEXT DATE |
Two Famed Florida Women
Former state Senator Helen Gordon Davis of Tampa championed the civil rights of the disenfranchised during her nearly two decades in the Legislature - especially the rights of women, children and minorities.
Mattie Belle Davis was the first woman judge in Miami-Dade County and the only woman judge with countywide jurisdiction from 1959 to 1965.| PRIOR DATE | | HOME | | WOA INDEX | | NEXT DATE |
05-05 DATES, ANNIVERSARIES, and EVENTS B. 05-05-1822, Lydia Folger Fowler - second woman in the modern world to receive a medical degree.
LFF was the first woman to teach at a medical school in the United States. She taught midwifery and diseases of women and children at the school from which she graduated.
She had been a phrenologis, lecturing widely and writing several books before becoming interested in the medical field.
The first woman to receive a medical degree was Elizabeth Blackwell (b. 02-23-1821).B. 05-05-1824, Lucy Larcom - U.S. poet. Very popular during her lifetime, LL started publishing while a Lowell, Massachusetts mill girl. After a short teaching career in Illinois and Massachusetts, she edited a magazine, assisted John Greeleaf Whittier in editing two anthologies, wrote verse, and produced collections that are dismissed today as womanly sentimental. They, however, contain a great deal of factual insights into the era and are highly regarded as source material even though they don't contain what men like to read.
B. 05-05-1826, Eugenie Maria de Montijo de Guzm ne, empress of France (1853-70) who as the consort of Napoleon III influenced state policy in major ways. After he was deposed, she and her son lived in London.
left, B. 05-05-1867, Nelly Bly (Elizabeth Cochran Seaman) - U.S. journalist.
The first woman superstar of journalism, NB was a fighter for women's rights and the underdog.
She once feigned insanity to get inside asylum to expose the dismal conditions for the emotionally ill. Her fame, however, rests on a publicity race around the world to beat the 80-day around the world fictional trip authored by Jules Verne.
Her career that started at $5 a week and reached a high point of $25,000 a year.
Her first articles were about the slum life of her home area of Pittsburgh and the dismal conditions forced on the working girls of the city because of low wages and social stigmas.
She then went to Mexico where she wrote of the poor there and the overt official corruption that kept so much of the culture in poverty while making others super rich.. She was expelled from Mexico when the articles appeared. The articles were later collected in Six Months in Mexico (1888).
She moved to New York to work for Joseph Pulitzer's New York World at a much higher salary.
Her first assignment was feigning insanity and being committed to an asylm. Her exposes resulted in a grand jury hearing and some changes in care of the insane. The articles were collected in Ten Days in a Mad House (1887)
Her career included exposes of sweatshops, the jail system (she was arrested after pretending to shoplift), and even the briberies inherent in the lobbying system that influences legislatures.
Then came her high publicized trip around the world to break the Jules Verne fictional record of "Around the World in 80 Days." Traveling alone on whatever transportation was available, she sent back dispatches that were eagerly read by the public so that when she returned to New York in 72 days, 6 hours and 11 minutes, she was the most famous woman in America - perhaps in the world.
She published her exploits in a successful Nellie Bly's Book: Around the World in Seventy-two Days 1890). She was 23 years old.
She also described using a diving bell to descend into the ocean and then floating above the earth in a balloon.At 28 she married a much older and wealthy man who died 15 years later. However, forgeries and thefts by employees and litigations ate up her personal fortune as well as that of her late husband's. She returned to journalism and continued her exciting reportage of the world until her death at 55 from pneumonia.
Her real name was Elizabeth Cochran Seaman. The pen name "Nellie Bly" came from a Stephen Foster song.B. 05-05-1883, Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler - U.S. mathematician.
APW was the first woman invited by the American Mathematical Society to deliver the Colloquium Lectures.B. 05-05-1892, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod - English archaeologist.
She who led the joint American-English evacuation of Mount Carmel, Palestine (1929-34) where skeletal remains dating back 40,000 years were uncovered - predating biblical or historical records by more than 30,000 years.
Garrod was the first professor of archaeology (1939-1952) at Cambridgewho was also a woman.
Right, a drawing by Peggy Bacon.
click on image to see full-sizeB. 05-05-1895, Peggy Margaret Francis Bacon - U.S. artist. Her main media were painting, drypoint etching, and lithography.
PFB once gave up painting because her husband derided her and made her think her efforts were inadequate.
She was able to fashion a great career in caricatures and book illustrations. Her work was often featured in the New Yorker magazine.
She resumed serious painting after her divorce at age 45.
At age 80, in 1975, she became the first living woman to be given a retrospective at the National Museum of American Art. Her witty, much praised caricatures of the famous of her era were collected in the best-seller Off With Their Heads (1934).
left, B. 05-05-1912, Alice Faye - U.S. actor-singer. AF was best known for her work in entertaining screen musicals such as In Old Chicago (1938), Alexander's Ragtime Band (1938), and Tin Pan Alley (1940).
Only Shirley Temple and Bette Davis outranked her at the box office.
Attractive with good looks and a charming personality, AF often quarreled with 20th Century Fox president who wanted sexier presentations.
Finally he hired the younger and more outgoing Betty Grable who would and could pose in bathing suits. BG got the role Faye turned down and effectively ended AF's career.
Because AF had been named as correspondent in Rudy Vallee's divorce - he had picked her out of the chorus to take the lead in a movie when the star left - when Fox signed her she was given roles similar to those played by the late Jean Harlow.
When AF married singer Tony Martin, Fox moved her to "maternal roles," and a better salary.
She also began to sing on radio and Darryl Zanuck, the Fox president, objected. He felt he owned his stars and didn't want them doing unapproved work. AF objected - some say it was just another of their violent quarrels - and Zanuck lent her to another studio as punishment.
The punishment resulted in her biggest hit so far Old Chicago. That was the beginning of a series of musicals - mostly set at the turn of the century. From 1937 to 1943, AF was the premium musical star of Hollywood. However, in a final argument with Zanuck when she refused to do movies in the same mold because she wanted to do more serious work, AF was replaced by Betty Grable.
She did a few other movies but her movie career was effectively over. She divored Tony Martin and married bandleader Phil Harris. She more or less lost interest in movie making, settling for some radio work and other interests. At Harris' death, they had been married 54 years and had two daughters. AF was born in the infamous Hell's Kitchen part of New York City.B. 05-05-1915, Helvi Linnea Sipila - a native of Finland who became the highest ranking woman in the U.N. Secretariat.
She was Assistant Secretary General for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs (1973).
Event 05-05-1930, Amy Johnson - began the first 9,960 mile solo flight from England to Australia taken on by either a man or woman.
The photo shows Amy Johnson in her flying suit. The flight was made in an OPEN cockpit and it gets really, really cold up there, especially with the wind rushing past...
Within days of WOAH posting the above short paragraph in 1995 when it was being distributed through email in an abbreviated form, to our amazement we received a posting from Australia. Internet was still fairly young at the time and we were all in awe at the quick interaction possible."Hello Irene: My father has posted me the following text regarding Amy Johnson. He attended the same school as Amy. Amy Johnson took off from Croydon Airport in England on the morning of 5th May 1930. At twenty-six years of age, in a tiny second-hand Gypsy Moth purchased for 600 pounds, she was attempting to be the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia. The feat had already been accomplished by a few men, the most notable being by a brilliant Australian test pilot by the name of Bert Hinkler who established the record for his 11,000 mile trip by making it in fifteen and a half days.
"Amy was hopeful of beating his record. In fact, by the time she reached India on the sixth day of her flight, she was already two days ahead of Hinkler's time.
"From then on, through no fault of her own, she experienced several near disasters... time consuming to say the least. [WOAH note - there is a famous photograph of Amy Johnson *pulling* her plane through mud in India by ropes while trying to find a place to get it repaired and to take off again.]
"She eventually arrived in Port Darwin, Australia on 25th May 1930. In less than 20 days she had completed a 12,000 mile solo journey. Amy was killed on 5th January 1941 when an aircraft she was delivering for the Allied war effort crashed into the Thames.
-- [signed] best wishes: Timothy Donaldson."Amy Johnson was part of the British women's auxiliary air force during World War II and flew damaged airplanes to repair sites. It was common for the planes to crash en route because they were often very badly damaged.
She was spotted in the Thames estuary by a rescue ship when the plane she was ferrying suddenly lost all power and went down. The ship raced to her rescue but she was swept under the boat by the tide and disappeared before they could get hold of her. Her last words, said calmly were "I do believe you'd best hurry." Or were they? There is an interesting, official version of the last hours of Amy Johnson's life at http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/amyjohnson3.html
B. 05-05-1923, Cathleen Morawetz - Canadian-born U.S. mathematician.
In 1998 Morawetz earned her the highest honor in U.S. science, a National Medal of Science, awarded by President Clinton. She is the first woman to receive the medal for work in mathematics.
"It's a tremendous moment for me," said Morawetz, who was 75 and an NYU professor emerita.
"And I hope it will draw attention to the idea that women can do math and will have some influence on women all the way from grade school to graduate school and beyond."
She earned her master's degree at Massachusett's Intitute of Technology and her Ph.D. at New York University.
In an official biography, she is a professor at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU, where she served as director from 1984 to 1988. In 1981, she delivered the Gibbs Lecture of The American Mathematical Society, and in 1982 presented an Invited Address at a meeting of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was named Outstanding Woman Scientist for 1993 by the Association for Women in Science. In 1995, she became the second woman elected to the office of president of the American Mathematical Society.
Her father was a mathematician and her mother also studied in the field. Such support paved the way for CM to pursue her interests, although her father did not approve of CM studying for her Ph.D.
Cecilia Krieger, a woman mathematician and family friend encouraged Morawetz to pursue a PhD in mathematics.
A mother of four, Morawetz was able to balance her energies between her research and her family. Upon being honored by the National Organization for Women for successfully combining career and family, she quipped, "Maybe I became a mathematician because I was so crummy at housework."
When CM got her master degree, she says, "I just wanted what a man could get:" a good job.
However, the corporations that hired mathematicians also hired ONLY male mathematicians.
So she went to NYU where "she found mentors who judged her by the quality of her thinking, not her gender."
In a newspaper article by In USA Today:Sylvia Wiegand, president of the Association for Women in Mathematics said the boost of CM receiving the medal recognition is sorely needed.
"We have a real problem with encouraging young women to go into mathematics, even though we should be well beyond that," says Wiegand, a professor at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
"There still are a lot of talented women who don't stick with it," she says, because they are convinced that math is for men.
Just a quarter of Ph.D.s in math go to women, Wiegand says. And women remain under represented, she says, on the math faculties of top universities.
She is known for developing mathematical models used in aerodynamics, acoustics and optics. Her work helped engineers develop airplane wings that minimize the impact of shock waves. She also made considerable contributions to the study of light waves
When she was having her children, Morawetz says, "I took a certain amount of criticism from other women who wondered why I was having children if I wanted a career or why I was pursuing a career if I wanted children."
In 1990, she was honored by the National Organization for Women Legal Defense Fund for raising her children with a "commitment to equality at home."
The latest award "means a great deal" to women in math and is well deserved, Wiegand says. "She's been a role model to a lot of us."
Elizabeth Toledo, NOW vice president at the time, said, "We have to change the way we teach girls, and we need role models so that girls can see themselves succeeding in this field. So she's providing one of the elements necessary for change."
-- [The above quotes from an article by Kim Painter, USA Today.]B. 05-05-1934, Arlene Croce - dance critic of the New Yorker.
AC was the most influential critic of her day. She founded Ballet Review in 1965 and edited it until 1978. She authored a number of books about dancers and dance.Event: 05-05-1938: Dr. Dorothy H. Andersen - U.S. pathologist and pediatrician identifies the disease cystic fibrosis in an address to the American Pediatric Association.
She later developed a further, simplified way to diagnose the disease.B. 05-05-1942, Tammy Wynette - U.S. country-western singer and songwriter, called the "ultimate exponent of the three-hanky-ballad."
The first lady of country music was best know for her "Stand By Your Man" (1968) - something she had a record of *not* doing. She has four children through five marriages, and four divorces.
After her father died when TW was an infant, her mother worked in a factory, then earning a teaching certificate to become a substitute teacher. It was from her mother, obviously, that TW learned ambition.
TW was raised a strict Baptist and said she earned her share of beatings for insubordination.
When she left her first husband, she moved to Nashville and locking her three children in the car would make the rounds of the record producer. She got her break and then lived in buses and did an average of 150 shows a year.
However, the buses were three to her entourage with hers sporting luxuries such as a jacuzzi. Her luxurious mansion known as First Lady Acres near Nashville had security bars shaped in the form of the musical notes of her best known number, "Stand By Your Man". It had 13 bedrooms and 15 bathrooms.
She died at 55 after a lengthy history of drug and alcohol usage. She spent time at the Betty Ford Clinic but was not one of its stellar graduates, according to TW herself.Event 05-05-1950: the Women's International Bowling Congress opens membership to non-white women. The men will not allow non-white men into their American Bowling Congress for several more years.
click on image to see full-size
B. 05-05-1966, Lyubov Egorova - Russian athlete who won six Olympic gold medals as the most dominant Nordic skier in Olympic history.
She didn't win her first international competition until she was 25, exceptionally old in sports,
At the 1992 Olympic games in Albertville, she won three gold and two silver medals under the difficult pyschological conditions of competing for the unified team (former USSR) under the Olympic flag.
At the Lillehammer Games, Egorova won three gold and one silver to solidify her position as the most dominant female athlete in winter sports.
Although she fell one short of tieing for the most medals for a woman in the Olympics, she had won either gold or silver in nine straight Nordic skiing races -- a feat unmatched by anyone, male or female.
Egorova, with six golds and three silvers, is ranked second behind Raisa Smentanina, also of Russia, who won 10 medals - four gold, five silver and one bronze.
In 1997, Egorova failed a doping test. She said she accidentally used the banned substance bromantan, which acts as a stimulant.
She was barred from competition for three years which effectively ended her career but at 31 one can only guess at how much longer she could have competed on the international stage.
WOAH has not been able to find any indication that she was even suspected of using drugs before 1997.
She commented on her drive, "It is really hard work. Sometimes you don't want to go to practice. You're tired, you cry and then you force yourself to do it. Maybe that's the reason I win."Event 05-05-1970: Nancy Ann Eagan becomes the first Roman Catholic nurse-nun to receive a military commission when she becomes a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force Reserve.
B. 05-05-1972, Takahashi Naoko - Japanese marathon runner, winner of the gold medal at the Sydney Olympics.
Event 05-05-1973: the University of Miami breaks away from the unstated but clearly understood rules and offers the first athletic scholarship ever made to an American WOMAN (Terry Williams). YES - the date was 1973.
DIED 05-05-1975, Vera Volkova - renowned Russian ballerina.
VV moved to England in 1936 after seven years of working in Shanghai and instructed the Sadler's Wells Ballet School (1943-1950) before changing location again to the Royal Danish Ballet where she instructed and was also artistic advisor.
She later became a professor at the Nizhny Novgorod conservatoire in Russia.| PRIOR DATE | | HOME | | WOA INDEX | | NEXT DATE |
QUOTES DU JOURWHITAKER, YOLANDA:
"My definition of the word feminist is a strong woman who looks out for her sisters, who would go out of her way to see another woman make it and who wants to build our self esteem up as a whole. If we don't have any strong women in this world to back us up, then, you know, we're lacking what we should be stacking."
-- Yolanda WhitakerVENTADOR, MARIE DE:
"...the lady
"Ought to do exactly for her lover
"as he does for her, without regard to rank;
"for between two friends neither one should rule."
-- Marie de Ventador, c.1165, quoted in the Woman Troubadours, translated by Meg Bodin.ALBRIGHT, MADELEINE:
"We created our own little women's caucus and that terrified everybody. There were those from larger countries who complained about the fact that the ambassador from Liechtenstein had unfair access to the American ambassador, and I said there clearly was an easy way to rectify that." [That is, appoint more female ambassadors.]
-- Madeleine Albright while she was U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. This attitude together with her approintment and promotions of many women into high positions in the state department and ambassadorships explains why political HIStorians tend to treat her influences as "unimportant" and why she isn't a regular guest on male-driven TV news panels like male former secretary of states...
"Health, population and the environment -- these are not, as some might suggest, peripheral issues. They are central. They relate directly to the long-term security and well-being of our people and of all people. They will become increasingly important as we enter the 21st century."AUSTEN, JANE:
"Men have had every advantage of us in telling their own story. Education has been theirs in so much higher a degree; the pen has been in their hands. I will not allow books to prove any thing."
-- Jane Austen writing as Anne Elliot in Persuasion (1818)SMITH, MARGARET CHASE:
"The men have been given their chance -- why not let the women have theirs? At least it's worth a try - for were it to do nothing else it would bring to the women as never before an awareness of their own individual responsibility in this matter of avoiding war and securing peace of halting world suicide and making peace a reality instead of just a hope.'
-- U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith in a radio broadcast April 18, 1949.
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