| 10-10 TABLE of CONTENTS:
FIRST U.S. COIN TO HONOR NATIVE
AMERICAN WOMAN
Indian Guide Who Accompanied Lewis
and Clark
Eva Dye's Book May Have Invented
the Sacagawea Legend
Woman with Infant Calmed Indian Tribe
Fears
The U.S. Mint's Historical Summary
of Sacagawea
What is the Correct Spelling of her
Name?
Vera Brodsky Lawrence
Dispelling the Lies that Claim Women
were Treated like Delicate Flowers in the Past
DATES, ANNIVERSARIES, and
EVENTS
QUOTES by
Angelina Grimke, Oprah Winfrey, Sandra Scoppetone, and Helen Neurborne.
FIRST U.S. COIN TO HONOR NATIVE AMERICAN
WOMAN - AND FIRST TO BE DESIGNED BY A WOMAN
Not only will the new Sacagawea (Sacajawea / Sakakawea)
gold colored $1 coin be the first coin to honor a Native American Indian
woman, but it will be the first U.S. coin ever designed by a woman.
The coin designed by artist Glenna
Goodacre will be struck during November 1999 and will be placed into
general circulation early in 2000. Before the Sacagawea coin hype, GG was
best known for her Vietnam Women's Memorial that was erected near "The
Wall" in Washington, D.C., in 1993 -
a work worthy enough to put her in the top rung of contemporary sculptors.
American Artist Magazine named Goodacre an American Art Master in
1996 and she is honored world-wide.
GG designed both sides of the new $1 coin, the first
time an American coin was designed by an artist, not an engraver. Its face
will be an imaginative portrait of Sacagawea (no description of her exists)
with an eagle on the adverse side. CG used 22 year-old Randy'L Teton, a
fine arts student at the University of New Mexico and a member of the Shoshone-
Bannock tribe from the Fort Hall Indian Reservation in Idaho as the model
for Sacagawea.
BTW, almost every history and biographical book or
reference spells her name SacaJawea - so if you are referencing this fabled
woman, use the j. There is an explanation of sorts from the U.S. Mint people
on why they chose the less popular spelling with a g. Apparently they did
NOT ask any Soshone Indians how it should be spelled, just male historians!
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Indian
Guide Who Accompanied Lewis and Clark
Sacagawea was an Indian guide who accompanied
the Lewis and Clark expedition that explored the American territory west
of the Rockies was a member of an Idaho tribe of Shoshone Indians, known
today as the Lemhi Shoshone. Actually, the coin should be listed as Sacagawea
AND SON because he appears as an infant on her back.
Almost nothing is known reliably about Sacagawea.
The Lewis and Clark records do not elaborate on the
alleged role of Sacagawea as translator and guide which is really not surprising
for the times. The accomplishments of women were usually ignored and credit
given to the nearest male, in this case her "husband-owner,"
a white man.
(Remember, slavery was legal in the U.S. at the time
and certainly not limited to Africans.) Actually William Clark mentions
her more than might be expected; Clark had become "attached"
to Sacagawea's son, or so it was said... so attached that he send the boy
to school in Europe, settled his mother (and her daughter) along with her
"husband" in St. Louis in 1810.
Sacagawea (or Charbonneau?) tired of the city
and moved to an area near the South and North Dakota line where she lived
as "a creature, of a mild and gentle
dispositionm, greatly attached to the whites, whose manners and dress she
tries to imitate," according to author
Henry Brackenridge. A clerk at Fort Mannel where she lived recorded the
death of Charbonneau's "Snake Squaw"
on Dec. 20, 1812 - never referring to her by name. It is unlikely, however,
that Charbonneau had more than one "Snake" squaw although more
than one "wife" or "squaw" was common - having a squaw
one place, and then another in another place with a white wife back home
was also very common and was hardly worth mentioning.
In a summation of the Lewis and Clark personnnel written
in 1818, Clark lists her as "dead."
A lot of the confusion about Sacagawea stems from
two main sources. First., the fact that women and especially Indian women
were so poorly thought of and recorded that absolute identification is
impossible. And second, two summations of her life either embelish what
we know about her or, perhaps, confuse her with another woman].
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Eva Dye's Book May Have Invented the Sacagawea Legend
Eva Emery Dye (who may be said to have invented the modern novel that
combines fact and fiction) wrote the novel The Conquest: The True Story
of Lewis and Clark (1902) in which she states that Sacagawea had a
greater role in guiding and the good fortune of the expedition than hisorians
give her credit for. The novel went through ten editions.
Then in 1933 Grace Hebard, Oregan suffragist and Wyoming
historian, published Sacajawea, an historical work based on years of research.
Historians now dismiss the work saying she confused the "real"
Sagajawea with another Sacajawea who lived on a Wyoming reservation until
her death in 1884.
However, Hebard had her reasons for considering them
one and the same.
This, the most famous statue of Sacajawea was sculpted
by Alice Cooper (Hubbard) and dedicated during the 1905 Lewis and Clark
Centennial in Portland, Oregon. The dedication was attended by many of
the women's movement leaders who were there for their national convention
including Susan B. Anthony and Anna Howard Shaw. At the dedication, Abigail
Scott Dunway said, "In honoring her we pay homage to the thousands
of uncrowned heroines whoe quet endurance and patient efforts have made
possible the achievements of our world's great men." Funds for the
statue which stands in Washington Park were raised by Eva Emery Dye.
One might say that although the historical record
appears fairly clear, the legends regarding Sacagawea supercede known fact.
(One might substitute the name of George Washington, Abe Lincoln, etc.,
for Sacagawea in that statement - or any other famous person. Most famous
men are made larger than life by the usually untrue legends that surround
their lives while women seem to be diminished by the legends as historians
center their discussions on the dichotomies or their personal failings
rather than the accomplishments.)
Sacagawea was probably born about 1786 with her official
historical death recorded as 12-12-1812 (12-20 new style calendar) at Fort
Manuel in the Dakota territory.
She was evidently captured by an enemy tribe and sold
as a slave to the Mandans who then sold her to the French-Canadian fur
trader Toussaint Charbonneau. Some say he married her but others claim
she was his "house and bed" slave.
The legend of the marriage comes from a William Clark
notation but the idea of marriage to a "squaw" was out of character
for the times - and then "marriage" was often an ambiguous situation
on the frontier.
It was Charbonneau who was hired by Captain Meriwether
Lewis and Captain William Clark as an interpreter. Sacagawea, pregnant
with their infant son accompanied him in the ways of the time... men were
usually served on such ventures by women as they were at home - with as
much historical reference as they were given at home. She cooked for the
men, hunted the berries and other edible vegatation that was unknown to
them and probably even trapped small animals to aid their diets. Pregnant,
she was no older than 16 at the start of the trip.
However, the importance of Sacagawea zoomed when the
expedition met a Shoshone band headed by Sacagawea's brother. The joyful
reunion enabled the expedition to get supplies, horse, and guides so they
could go on..
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Woman with Infant Calmed Indian Tribe Fears
The presence of a pregnant Sacagawea or with a
small child allayed the suspicions of other Indians tribes and allowed
the expedition to move westward without violence since war parties never
included women and children.
One of the important parts of the legend is the fortitude
that Sacajawea exhibited during the arduous trip - although no one explains
why she faced so many problems the men did not.
Her reputation as a guide was ill founded according
to historians. She did not travel with the advance party and the expedition
used other Indian guides, especially an elder Lemhi Shoshoni to cross the
mountains to the Columbia river.
Her "official" value as a guide was on the
return trip pointing out the Big Hole and the Bozeman Pass.
There is a grave at Lander, Wyoming that purports
to be hers, but there are others scattered through the west. There are
also a number of monuments, too. Sacagawea is one of the favorite subjects
for three-for monuments that honor the western movement, Native Americans,
and women all in one - with a bit of state's pride thrown in.
* * *
 Sculptor
Goodacre has a web site at www.goodacre.com
which reads in part: "over 40 bronze
portraits in public collections in the United States, including sculptures
of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Barbara Jordan, Katherine Anne Porter, Lt. Karl
W. Richter, Dr. Norris Bradbury, Greer Garson and Gen. Henry H. "Hap"
Arnold. She created a 7' standing portrait of President Ronald Reagan in
1999 for the National Cowboy Hall Of Fame.
"In an international competition for The Irish
Famine Memorial in 1997, she was selected as the winning sculptor for a
proposed monument to the Irish in downtown Philadelphia near Penn's Landing.
When finally funded, approved, created and cast, the massive bronze will
be Goodacre's most ambitious public sculpture with 35 life-size figures.
The installation is projected for some time after the year 2000."
Twenty-three artists
submitted 121 designs to the U.S. Mint in 1998.
Goodacre's three initial designs were among the half-dozen
finalists. Her three design proposals were chosen for the finals. More
than 300,000 comments were logged onto the web during the finals.
The announcement of Goodacre's selection was made
during a White House ceremony presided over by Hillary Rodham Clinton,
May, 1999. The coin will be the same size as the Susan B. Anthony dollar
(which it is replacing) a coin so close to a quarter in shape and size
that it could never be used with confidence.
The gold-colored alloy for the $1 coin is expected
to alleviate the problems as well as some modification of the edges (making
it more like money in other countries). The $1 coin was lobbied for by
coin machine companies that want to sell larger ticket items and not bother
with large numbers of quarters. They decided on dollars rather than half
dollars for obvious economic reasons. The coin machine lobbyist won the
smaller size dollar that condemned the Anthony coin to failure and it wasn't
until the revolutionary idea of a different color was approved that the
dollar coin was deemed practical.
The idea of a REAL woman on a coin was deemed so repugnant
that the choice of a fictional woman was an almost forgone conclusions.
The huge hype preceeding the issue of the coins is
aimed at helping people overcome their doubts about the color that may
be "cheap looking."
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The U.S. Mint's Summary of the Historical Sacagawea
An historical summation of Sacagawea has been
published at the U.S. Mint website http://www.usmint.gov/dollarcoin/default.htm.
Some of its highlights. . .
"While
many in our generation are unfamiliar with the story of the young Shoshone
woman who played a critical role in the Lewis and Clark expedition, Sacagawea
has been well known to other generations of Americans. Our grandparents
and their parents knew Sacagawea, and according to the historian Dayton
Duncan, honored Sacagawea with more statues in this country than any other
American woman... While not a great deal is known about the young woman,
what we do know is remarkable. At about the age of 11 she was captured
by an Hidatsa raiding party and taken from her Shoshone tribe. She was
subsequently bought (or possibly won in a bet) from the Hidatsa by the
French-Canadian trader, Toussaint Charbonneau... Historical information
as to when Charbonneau took Sacagawea as his wife is sketchy and sometimes
inconsistent. The Lewis and Clark journals specifically refer to Sacagawea
as Charbonneau's wife in an entry dated November 4, 1804.
"Earlier that year, when Sacagawea was about
15 and six months pregnant, Charbonneau was hired by Captains Lewis and
Clark, not so much for his own skills but for those of Sacagawea. She knew
several Indian languages, and being Shoshone, could help . . .Even more
remarkable, the Lewis and Clark journals subsequently refer to the birth
of her first born baby in an entry dated February 11, 1805. Sacagawea would
go on to play an integral role in the Lewis and Clark expedition, all the
while carrying and caring for her infant son a working mother.
"With her infant son bound to her back, she single-handedly
rescued Captain Clark's journals from the Missouri whitewater when their
boat capsized. If she had not, much of the record of the first year of
the expedition would have been lost to history.
"Most crucially, however, Sacagawea and her infant
served as a "white flag" of peace for the expedition, which was
as much a military expedition as a scientific one. They entered potentially
hostile territory well armed but undermanned compared to the Native American
tribes they met. Because no war party was ever accompanied by a woman and
infant, the response of the Native Americans was curiosity, not aggression.
They talked first, and Sacagawea often served as the translator. Not a
single member of the party was lost to hostile action."
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What is the Correct Spelling of her Name?
The U.S. Mint quotes from a recent publication:
"Translated, her name means 'Bird Woman,'
and in their attempts to spell the Indians words, Lewis and Clark used
variations of 'Sah-ca-gah-we-ah' and 'Sah-kah-gar-we-a.' (In 1814, when
a version of the journals appeared, an editor changed the spelling to Sacajawea,
which was the preferred spelling until recently, when most historians and
official publications reverted back to Sacagawea.)"
[Source: Lewis & Clark. The Journey of the Corps of Discovery. An
Illustrated History, by Dayton Duncan and Ken Burns. New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1997. Page 92.]
[WOA note - although Clark who was obviously
"smitten" with the girl and attempted to identify her by spelling
her name phonetically with a gah or gar [he was certainly not versed in
Indian languages and can hardly be called an expert] we feel there is no
justification for changing the traditional spelling of Sacajawea's name
other than getting her lost in the historical record - a really common
way to erase women from history (and computer searches.) The change was
an arbitrary one and one wonders why she isn't being identified as Mrs.
Charbonneau or why the real Clark spelling of the third/fourth syllable
isn't gahwea or gahwea isn't being used. Oh well, it is cast in alloy now
by the same people who designed the small-sized Susan B. Anthony dollar
that most cannot distinguish from a quarter.]
* * *
 A
limited edition of twelve 22-karat gold versions of the coin were produced
and sent into space July 25, 1999 on the first shuttle flight ever commanded
by a woman, astronaut Eileen Collins. The five-day mission was seen as
an historical flight, honoring the pioneering spirit of American women.
See WOA 07-22
for details of the Collins flight (which the WOAH author and several of
her women family members witnessed live from Florida).
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Vera Brodsky Lawrence
Without this woman, the music of Scott Joplin
and Louis Moreau Gottschalk would have faded into oblivion. Vera Brodsky
Lawrence - American music historian, pianist, and editor brought the almost
forgotten works of Scott Joplin and Louis Moreau Gottschalk to the public
attention. Her The Collected Works of Scott Joplin (1971) made the
forgotten music available. She was artistic consultant when Joplin's opera
Treemonisha was revived. Lawrence's work was responsible for the resurgence
of ragtime in the 1970s.
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Dispelling the Lies that Claim Women were Treated like
Delicate Flowers in the Past
"One snowy morning in Saxe-Coburg, looking
from the window of our little hotel upon the town square, we saw crossing
and recrossing it a single file of women with semi-circular heavy wooden
tanks fastened upon their backs. They were carrying in this primitive fashion
to a remote cooling-room tanks filled with a hot brew incident to one stage
of beer making. The women were bent forward, not only under the weight
which they were bearing, but because the tanks were so high that it would
have been impossible for them to have lifted their heads.
"Their faces and hands, reddened in the cold
morning air, showed clearly the white scars where they have previously
been scalded by the hot stuff which splashed if they stumbled ever so little
on their way. Stung into action...I found myself across the square in company
with mine host, interviewing the phlegmatic owner of the brewery, who received
us with exasperating indifference... I went back to a breakfast for which
I had lost my appetite."
-- Jane Addams, founder of Hull
House and Nobel Peace Prize winner, writing of her trip to Germany in 1884
when she was a young woman - and giving a "slightly" different
view of women's lives than one reads in history books. She also wrote how
sellers of produce in London, England, disdainfully threw rotten cabbages
to the poor who fought each other for the "morsels."
[WOA commentary: Men's history of what life used
to be consists of royal lives and military conquests, i.e., men's vain
glories lives as the whole of everything as if the other 53% of the sky
wasn't held up by women. Such histories have little to do with the REAL
world and what went on. This void between reality and the printed histories
is why women's HERstory is so important. As it is now, our history are
books of blank sheets of paper - the form of the book and individual pages
is there, formed by governments and conquests, but the actual history,
the recitation of lives, has not been written so thgat the pages themselves
- the reality of life, the estoria, the story of humankind remains unwritten
- and its pages blank.]
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10-10 DATES, ANNIVERSARIES, and
EVENTS
MARRIED 10-10-1659: Margaret Hardenbrook Philipse (fi. 1659 90),
a Western Hemisphere colonial merchant and shipowner who was born in the
Rhine and settled in the Dutch New Netherlands colony by 1659 when her
marriage bans to a wealthy merchant trader. She was soon helping run her
husband's enterprises by serving as agent for several Dutch merchants.
When her husband died in 1661 she took full charge.
Her first enterprises was shipping furs trapped in
the American wilderness to Holland and bringing back trade goods for the
colonists. Because of her exception head for trade, she bought a ship.
However, her plans to marry again sparked a demand
that she make a full accounting of the paternal inheritance due her child.
After some legal wrangling, her husband adopted her daughter and took over
the wealth of her first husband, dramatically enhancing it until he was
one of the wealthiest men in the colony.
MHP, however, didn't stop her own import-export business.
She traveled to Holland several times and was recognized by various shipping
documents as a businesswoman who happened to be married, not as the wife
of a businessmen.
After she helped broaden the shipping allowed between
Europe and the colonies, her reputation of avarice and extreme covetness
was given her by two male, extremely religious missionaries (who belonging
to an extremist group probabably thought women belonged barefoot and pregnant
in the kitchen ;-{ and resented the fact that a woman actually ordered
them around.) The missionaries described being forced to hunt for an overboard
mop in highly irate tones and tagged MHP all the greedy names they could
think of.
Being "men of the cloth" who had no regard
(women did that unimportant stuff) for housekeeping tools, it is no wonder
they didn't think a lost mop was important. Of such ignorance are the sticks
of history made into mountains! Historians accepted the religious wastral's
judgments because they also didn't realize the value of a simple tool known
as a mop. To them, floors stayed magically clean?
She died about 1690; her children all married very
well.
Historians note that it was not unusual for Dutch
women to engage in commerce but that MHP was an extreme example.
HOWEVER - unbiased reporting of the English colonies
show that many women engaged in commerce from running inns and barrooms
to printing companies and publications as well as being silversmiths and
merchants of all sorts.
B. 10-10-1812, Elizabeth Fries Lummis Ellet - U.S. author who
was one of the first to record the lives of women. Her three volume Women
of the American Revolution (vols 1 & 2 in 1848 and vol 3 in 1850)
are masterpieces of research into primary sources.
In all, 160 women are examined and saved for posterity.
She wrote other books such as Domestic History of the American Revolution
(which shows that real women were actually alive during those times ;-o)
and Pioneer Women of the West. In all she wrote more than a dozen
books that preserved a great deal of women's past. However, critics today
note that she was a gossip! What writer (or historian) isn't???
B. 10-10-1846, Caroline Maria Hewins - U.S. librarian. One of
the great pioneers in the development of books for children. She compiled
Books for the Young: A Guide for Parents and Children, a pioneering
work that greatly influenced the development of children s library collections.
Most of her work was done at the Hartford Public Library which she helped
establish and develop.
B. 10-10-1874, Beatrice Moses Hinkle - U.S. physician. As San
Francisco's city physician, she was the first U.S. woman to hold a public
health post. She was one of the two physicians who established the nation's
first psychotherapeutic clinic.
BMH was among the earliest Jungian analysts in America,
having rejected Freud with whom she'd personally studied. She was among
the earliest practitioners of Jungian analysis in America, and contributed
to the conceptual framework of the theory. Her Recreating of the Individual
(1923) took a strong stand regarding women individuality. It was noted
particularly for its chapters on women and artists.
B. 10-10-1881, Ethel Traphagen - U.S. fashion designer, influential
founder of Traphagen School of Fashion design.
 B.
10-10-1900, Helen Hayes - U.S. actor. HH was the winner of every award
possible for an actor on the stage, in the movies, and TV. She began her
acting career at age 5 and continued it for more than 85 years winning
Academy Awards, Tonys, and Emmys. She received The Medal of Freedom (1986),
the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), and even had a Broadway theater was named
after her. An award in her name established for achievement in professional
theater. A remarkable talent.
Event 10-10-1902: Ida Craddock cut her wrists and turned on the gas
in her room rather than serve a second jail sentence under the Anthony
Comstock U.S. censorship laws. She maintained her right to die (as she
lived) a free woman "not cowed into silence
by another human being." She was a woman of freethought who
felt religions were instrumental in women's oppression and was arrested
for expressing her views because they disagreed with Comstock's views of
morality.
The entire story of Anthony Comstock's unbelievable
control of free thought (especially of women's) in the U.S. stands as one
of the most outrageous ever perpetrated by the Congress and the ultra-conservative
right wingers. Women of Achievement and Herstory is preparing a summation
of the Comstock actions and their damage particularly to women.
Congress actually passed laws that gave one man, Anthony
Comstock the right to censor just about anything he thought was immoral
- and women's rights and reproductive education were tops on his list.
B. 10-10-1907, Corma Alice Mowrey - U.S. educator who in 1950
became president of the National Education Association. She became active
in the NEA because she taught five classes and 176 pupils a day. "Under
these circumstances, I can barely cover the subject matter of my courses,
let alone give my students the individual attention they need."
B. 10-10-1911, Dola De Jong - Dutch-American novelist and writer
for children.
B. 10-10-1931, Patricia Lilian Smith - English-born librarian
of the Northwest Toronto Library system.
B. 10-10-1958, Tanya Tucker - popular American singer primarily
of country-western fame.
Event 10-10-1995, Christiane Nuesslein-Volhard, 52, of the Max
Planck Institute for Development Biolgy in Ruebingen Germany shared the
Nobel prize in medicine with two men working in the U.S. who did ground-
breaking research into the genetic blueprint that turns a single cell into
a fruit fly.
The discoveries have profound potential on the race
to create life outside the normal biological creation paths. Eric F. Wieschaus,
48, of Princeton University and Nuesslein- Volhard working out of Nesslein-
Volhard's lab identified specific genes that determine a fly's body shape
and organ arrangement.
According to a news release, "Their
research helped spawn worldwide efforts to discover the genetic master
plan for all life forms, including humans. Many of the genes that control
development of fly embryos turn out to play a similar role in humans, raising
hopes that the fruit fly could offer insights into problem pregnancies
in humans."
"Together, these three
scientists have achieved a breakthrough that will help explain congenital
malformations in man," said the citation from Sweden's Karolinska
Institute, which awards the prize for medicine.
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QUOTES DU JOUR
GRIMKE, ANGELINA:
"Slavery always
has, and always will, produce insurrections wherever it exists, because
it is a violation of the natural order of things, and no human power can
much longer perpetuate it."
WINFREY, OPRAH:
"I have crossed
over on the backs of Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman and Fannie Lou
Hamer and Madam C. J. Walker. Because of themI can now live the dream.
I am the seed of the free, and I know it. I intend to bear great fruit."
SCOPPETTONE, SANDRA:
"And like a bear
emerging from its winter lair, the thought surfaces: my father verbally
abuses my mother and always has. He puts her down. Sometimes it's blatant,
often subtle. He never takes what she says seriously, barely listens. My
insides feel webbed with live wires. At first I think it's anger at him,
or empathy for her, but this doesn't last long. I can't evade the truth
another moment.
"As a teen, I colluded with him. I joined in
the ridicule of my mother -- all in fun, of course -- and she accepted
it as her due. Shame suffuses me as I acknowledge my culpability."
-- From her mystery novel, Everything
You Have is Mine.
NEURBORNE, HELEN:
"Women have been
well served by recent Supreme Court justices such as Marshall, Blackmum,
and Stevens. Yet, men have not lived their lives in a woman's body or experienced
their perceptions from a woman's perspective.
"Life experiences that shape a judge's views
on issues from the right to choose the meaning of sexual harassment, or
a prosecutor's priorities in allocating scarce law enforcement resources
are not completely gender-neutral. Whether it is a moderate conservative
such as Sandra Day O'Connor, or a moderate liberal like Attorney General
Janet Reno, the experience of having lived as woman in this society plays
a critical role in their decisions and their views."
-- Helen Neurborne, Executive Director, NOW Legal Defense and Education
Fund
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